The Learning Resource goal is to use the Internet and become independent of the textbook used by the STC biology department -- taking advantage of learning tools on the Internet such as YouTube videos, and external links (e.g., Wikipedia). It is a project in progress (hence the running dog)... Understand that these learning resources are only an overview. Don't forget that your complete and most important learning resource is your textbook. You are expected to use it... (Textbook figures used by permission from McGrawHil.)   Note on Youtube videos included in the notes: YouTube videros are included as "extra" learning material -- and are often excellent learning tools. However,YouTube videos often disappear or become nonfunctional. This is UNFORTUNATELY the nature of YouTube videos. Often videos become nonfunctional (message: "an error occurred") because of YouTube updates or the person who originally uploaded the video has removed it. Sometimes YouTubes are removed bt YouTube itself because of copyright infringement. The instructor is not responsible for this, but will when possible either fix the problem or eventually remove a nonfunctioning video.  Ch. 22, 23, 24, 25, 28.
 Ch. 33, in part also Ch. 34, 36, 41.
 Ch. 42, in part also Ch. 46, 47, 49.
  Animal Organization --- Living things on Earth are organized and this organization can be used to facilitate communication about and understanding of life and nature. This organization is a hierarchy from small subatomic particles and atoms to large ecosystems and the Biosphere. The "biological organization" is often also called "hierarchy of life". Each level in the hierarchy builds upon the previous level, and new properties, so called emergent properties not present in the previous levels, emerge as one moves up the hierarchy. Textbooks have different artist with different creative ideas, so the figure of biological organization varies with textbooks, and sometimes all levels are not included (even though they all still exist). You may find more information on the memorization quiz page for this class, or on Wikipedia or the BioInfoBank. Below is a collection of Biological Organization figures... From the General Biology II part (Animal Structures) of the textbooks... Biological Organization (Human body, Cell to Organism...) Source S. S. Mader. Biology. McGraw-Hill. 
Biological Organization (Human body, Cell to Organism...) Source S. S. Mader. Biology. McGraw-Hill.  From the General Biology I part (Introduction) of the textbooks...  Source: Raven, et al. Biology. Ed. 9. 2011. McGraw-Hill. To see a larger image -- right click with your mouse to open image in new window.  Source: Mader and Windelspecht. Essentials of Biology. Ed. 3. 2012. McGraw-Hill. To see a larger image -- right click with your mouse to open image in new window.  Biological Organization. Used for educational purposes. From S. S. Mader. 2010. Biology. McGraw-Hill, the textbook used by the instructor since 1996. To see a larger image -- right click with your mouse to open image in new window.  From the General Biology II part (Ecology) of the textbooks... Biological Organization (Ecological levels -- From Organism to the Biosphere [Biosphere not depicted])  From the General Biology I part in an older edition of the textbooks...  (Top picture from edition 9 of Biology, by Audesirk et. al. Picture below from edition 8 of Biology, by Mader.)   Biological Organization From the Memorization Quizzes...
   Need to review the Biological Organization from General Biology 1?  Tissues ---Biological Organization (Human body, Cell to Organism...) Source S. S. Mader. Biology. McGraw-Hill. In General Biology I it was discussed that living organisms have five basic characteristics in common: ORGANIZATION -- they are made of and organized with cells (the basic unit of life). METABOLISM -- they acquire materials and energy for metabolism. RESPONSE -- they respond to stimuli in the external or internal environment. REPRODUCTION -- they reproduce and develop (grow). ADAPTATION -- they adapt and change over time (evolve) in response to the environment.
This is the TISSUE levels of biological organization. All living organisms are organized into complex units called cells. In multicellular organisms -- as humans -- cells cooperate in units called tissues.  def. Tissue: A group of cells and intercellular substances that functions together in one or more specialized tasks. There are four kinds of tissue groups. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous tissue From the Memorization Quizzes... The tissues memorization quiz is at present only required for the biology web-enhanced F-2-F class... One cell --- Differentiation --- Tissues  Source: Biology, S.S. Mader. Zygote --> Morula --> Blastula --> Gastrula --> Fetus def. Stem Cell: A simple cell (unspecialized; undifferentiated) in the body that is able to develop into any one of various kinds of specific cells (more than 200 cell types, such as blood cells, skin cells, etc.), through genetic regulation (and environmental stimuli). Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jp6L5emD8rw  Epithelial tissue  Textbook figure from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College.   -- covers (protects) body surfaces -- line internal hollow structures, e.g., hollow organs, body cavities, & ducts -- form glands (that secretes chemicals such as hormones) -- exocrine glands with ducts (secrete chemicals into the ducts) -- endocrine glands w/o ducts (secrete chemicals directly into the blood) -- one side is exposed, one side is usually attached to a basement membrane • TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE: 1. Squamous Epithelium (flat cells)  - simple (single layer) - stratified (many layers)2. Cuboidal Epithelium (cube-shaped cells) - simple - stratified3. Columnar Epithelium (oblong cells) - simple - stratified - pseudostratified (appears to be layered but is not)
 Connective tissue   Textbook figure from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College. _Connective_Adipose.jpg) Adipose Tissue  
-- binds structures  Muscular Tissue Textbook figure from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College.    -- movement -- generation of force "Contractile tissue", contain interacting actin and myosin filaments. • TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE: 1. Skeletal MT -- nonbranched, parallel, striated -- multinucleated -- long (depend on the muscle size since they usually run the length of the muscle) -- voluntary movements -- on skeletal muscles (move bones) 2. Smooth MT -- nonbranched, spindelshaped, non-striated -- one nucleus per cell -- semi-long (tapering layers in which the thick middle portion is opposite thin ends of adjacent cells) -- involuntary movements -- in hollow internal organs (move substances in e.g., the digestive tract) 3. Cardiac MT -- branched, slightly irregular shape, striated -- one nucleus per cell -- short (bound end to end at intercalated disks allowing impulses to move from cell to cell) -- involuntary movements -- in the wall of the heart (move blood)  Nervous tissue Textbook figure from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College.  -- nerve impulses (initiate and transmit action potentials) def. Action potential: Nerve impulse (electrochemical changes that take place across the membrane of a nerve cell).  HOMEOSTASIS ---
def. Homeostasis: (term used for multicellular organisms) A physiological state in which the physical and chemical conditions of the internal environment are being maintained within tolerable ranges. • Response to the environment to maintain internal operating conditions, within ranges most favorable for cell activities (even when the external environment change). • Most organ systems in the body contribute to homeostasis. • Controlled by the nervous system (fast response) and to some degree by the endocrine system (“hormone” system) (slow response).
• Examples of homeostasisi. Blood sugar (Glucose concentration in the blood) ‰ 0.1%ii. Blood pH (approximately 7.4)iii. Blood pressure ( approximately 120 / 80)iv. Body temperature (approximately 37°C (98.6°F))- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
vi. Ripening of fruit
• Mechanisms of homeostasis
Two (2) different mechanisms (body responses): 1. Negative feedback: cancels or counteracts original stimulus (opposite present conditions), e.g., blood sugar balance, blood pH balance, blood pressure balance, body temperature "thermostat"   2. Positive feedback: increases original stimulus in reproductive processes: child birth (labor), sexual reproduction (orgasm) def. Negative feedback: (A principle governing most control systems) a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates action that reverse or reduce the stimulus. def. Positive feedback: a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates action that enhances the stimulus. 
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLCC2DB523BA8BCB53&v=CLv3SkF_Eag#t=40 Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0afKWu4yVg • Evolutionary significance of homeostasis THE ABILITY OF THE BODY TO KEEP THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN A CERTAIN RANGE ALLOWS HUMANS TO LIVE IN MANY HABITATS -- warm, cold, dry, wet. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5oe6j99Npw Need to review the scientific method from General Biology 1?  Virtual Exercise: How Honeybees Keep Their Cool. Dr. Jon F. Harrison< Arizona Strate University. (Publ. Raven, et.al.) 1996. Harrison, J.F. et al., Achievement of Thermal Stability by Varying Metabolic Heat Production in Flying Honeybees. Science, 277 (4 October), pp. 88-90. Wikipedia: Insect Thermoregulation.      Organ Systems ---Organ: (Biology) A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit so serve a common function. Wikipedia Depending on what you consider an organ there are "about" 78 organs in the human body. Organs of the body.Organ System: Groups of related organs working together. Specific tissues are associated with particular organs. An organ is composed of two or more types of tissues working together to perform particular functions. An organ system contains many different organs that cooperate to carry out a process -- such as digesting food.--- Reading Quiz 02 (or the corresponding part on regular exams) will cover all organ systems. --- The stomach is an organ -- the Digestice System is the organ system where the stomach functions. The digestive system is a tube within the body of an animal (food in / waste out)...   Textbook figure 47.2, from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College. Bones are organs. Bones are organs -- the Skeletal system is the organ system where the bones function. Bones work together with the skeletal muscles, and both the Muscular System and the Skeletal system is often jointly referred to as the Musculoskeletal System. Textbook figure 46.22, from Raven et.al., is used by permission from McGrawHill, in Biology 1407 and 1409, by Dr. Jan A. Nilsson, South Texas College. 
Evolution of flight. Evolution of flight is a good example of how similar structures -- wings -- can form in different ways. Flight has evolved INDEPENDENTLY four different times in four different groups, since life started billions of years ago on Earth -- using different structures. Their ancestors at some point in time were wingless. Some groups later lost their ability to fly -- secondary loss of flight -- like fleas (insects) and ostrich (bird): Source: Biology by Raven, et al.  Source: Biology by Raven, et al. Insects Insects don't have bones (internal skeleton), but an external skeleton, on which the wings are attached. bats (mammals) Birds (Reptiles) Pterosaurs (Reptiles)... In the three vertebrate groups, the wings are formed from the forelimbs (arms/front legs), but with different evolutionary pathways using different bones...
-- Birds: , the bones used are the radius, ulna, and the writs bones... -- Bats: the the bones used are all the finger bones... -- Pterosaurs (extinct), the bone used was the 4th finger bone...  Source: http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/06/04/the-great-pterosaur-makeover/  Source: http://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/pterosaur-head-crests/ 
Source: http://blogs.sundaymercury.net/weirdscience/2010/11/pterosaurs-flew-like-paper-pla.html
  (Source: Dr. Nilsson's old lecture notes. Permission given in 2001 by McGraw-Hills then sales representatib, Don Grainger, to use the picture online on lecture notes.) |
